Mohammed had his first "revelation" in A.D. 610 at the age of 40 when he was asleep in a cave. Do most Muslims agree? [5] The Dome was completed in 692 CE, making it one of the oldest extant Islamic structures in the world. The successors to the Ayyubids, the Mamluks, controlled the Temple Mount for 256 years and did no better. [93][94], On 6 April 2022, UNESCO unanimously adopted a resolution reiterating all 21 previous resolutions concerned with Jerusalem.[95]. Warren also conducted some small scale excavations inside the Temple Mount, by removing rubble that blocked passages leading from the Double Gate chamber. [268] One such report[citation needed] claims that he did so on Thursday, October 21, 1165, during the Crusader period. After a three-month siege, the Romans were able to topple one of the guard towers and storm the Temple Mount. In 715 the Umayyads, led by the Caliph al-Walid I, built al-Aqsa Mosque ( , al-Masjid al-'Aq, lit. The term "Noble Sanctuary" or "Haram al-Sharif", as it was called later by the Mamluks and Ottomans, refers to the whole area that surrounds that Rock.[216]. [238][239][240] On 29 September, the Israeli government deployed 2,000 riot police to the mosque. The lower platform which constitutes most of the surface of the Temple Mount has at its southern end al-Aqsa Mosque, which takes up most of the width of the Mount. Al-Ahbar suggested to him that it should be behind the Rock "so that all of Jerusalem would be before you." It begins with the pronouncement of blessing on the humble righteous who will inherit the new state of affairs which God will inaugurate within a generation (5:3-12; cf. Jewish attitudes towards entering the site vary. [40][41] In the Books of Chronicles, edited at the end of the Persian period, the mountain is already referred to as a distinct entity. [312], In July 2007 the Muslim religious trust which administers the Mount began digging a 400-metre-long (1,300ft), 1.5-metre-deep (4.9ft) trench[313] from the northern side of the Temple Mount compound to the Dome of the Rock[314] in order to replace 40-year-old[315] electric cables in the area. One was a terrorist attack . Among both Sunni and Shia Muslims,[citation needed] the entire plaza, known as the al-Aqsa Mosque, also known as Haram al-Sharif or "the Noble Sanctuary", is considered the third holiest site in Islam. [22] Muslims view the site as being one of the earliest and most noteworthy places of worship of God. There are several Mamluk buildings on and around the Haram esplanade, such as the late 15th-century al-Ashrafiyya Madrasa and Sabil (fountain) of Qaitbay. The Temple Mount is the holiest site in Judaism. In the bottom left of the photo is a stairway entrance leading down to the Double Gate in southern wall of the Temple Mount. [citation needed], According to archeologists, the Temple Mount served as the center of the religious life of biblical Jerusalem as well as the royal acropolis of the Kingdom of Judah. The Temple Mount refers to the platform and complex upon which stood the Temple constructed by Herod the Great. [303][305][306][307], In late 2002, a bulge of about 700mm (28in) was reported in the southern retaining wall part of the Temple Mount. Together with the extension of Israeli jurisdiction and administration over east Jerusalem, the Knesset passed the Preservation of the Holy Places Law,[256] ensuring protection of the Holy Places against desecration, as well as freedom of access thereto. "[116], The Temple was of central importance in Jewish worship in the Tanakh (Old Testament). [37][38], The exact moment when the concept of the Mount as a topographical feature separate from the Temple or the city itself first came into existence is a matter of debate among scholars. Sabils were built at crossroads and outside mosques throughout the Ottoman Empire to provide drinking water for travelers and enable ritual purification before prayer. The Knights Templar, who believed the Dome of the Rock was the site of the Solomon's Temple, gave it the name "Templum Domini" and set up their headquarters in al-Aqsa Mosque adjacent to the Dome for much of the 12th century. [36] The term Har haBayt is used throughout the Mishnah and later Talmudic texts. [233] Rocks were eventually thrown, while security forces fired rounds that ended up killing 21 people and injuring 150 more. A.D. 705: The first Al-Aqsa Mosque, just south of the Dome of the Rock, is built on the Temple Mount (and later destroyed by earthquakes and rebuilt in 754, 780 and 1035). David Ussishkin (2003). The complex is bordered on the south and east by the outer walls of the Old City of Jerusalem. The mosque sits inside a 35-acre site known by Muslims as Haram al-Sharif, or the Noble Sanctuary, and by Jews as the. The head of manuscripts at the Al-Aqsa Mosque, Najeh Bkeirat, has accused Israel of trying to "Judaize" the Temple Mount by building a new Holy Temple. : the Western Attitude Towards Islamic Epigraphy in 17th-Century Jerusalem. 2008. pp. It continued afterwards for several centuries until the time of Prophet Jesus. The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, the Muslim cleric in charge of the Al-Aqsa Mosque, said there has never been a Jewish temple atop the Temple Mount, and that the site has been home to a mosque "since the creation of the world.". He achieved this by constructing huge buttress walls and vaults, and filling the necessary sections with earth and rubble. [174][175] Ritmeyer identifies specific courses of visible ashlars located on to the northern and south of the Golden Gate as Judean Iron Age in style, dating them to the construction of this wall by Hezekiah. [283] In November 2014, the Sephardic chief rabbi Yitzhak Yosef reiterated the point of view held by many rabbinic authorities that Jews should not visit the Mount. [123] It was to this end, proof of a biblical prophecy fulfilled and of Christianity's victory over Judaism with the New Covenant,[124] that early Christian pilgrims also visited the site. To the Jews it is known as Har HaMoriyah ("Mount Moriah") and Har HaBayit ("Temple Mount"); to Muslims it is known as Haram el Sharif ("the Sacred Noble Sanctuary"). According to the rabbinic sages whose debates produced the Talmud, the Foundation Stone, which sits below the Dome of the Rock, was the spot from where the world was created and expanded into its current form,[98][99] and where God gathered the dust used to create the first human, Adam. Indeed, in a case where there is near certainty that injury may be caused to the public interest if a person's rights of religious worship and freedom of expression would be realized, it is possible to limit the rights of the person in order to uphold the public interest. It stood on the northern end of the eastern hill of Jerusalem, what the Bible calls Mount Zion. ), The Dome of the Rock as Palimpsest, Necipoglu, Muqarnas 2008. Golden Gate (Bab al-Zahabi); eastern wall (northern third), a double gate: Warren's Gate; western wall, now only visible from the Western Wall Tunnel, Bab an-Nabi (Gate of the Prophet) or Barclay's Gate; western wall, visible from al-Buraq Mosque inside the Haram, and from the Western Wall plaza (women's section) and the adjacent building (the so-called house of Abu Sa'ud), Double Gate (Bab al-Thulathe; possibly one of the Huldah Gates); southern wall, underneath al-Aqsa Mosque, Triple Gate; southern wall, outside Solomon's Stables/Marwani Mosque, Single Gate; southern wall, outside Solomon's Stables/Marwani Mosque, Bab al-Asbat (Gate of the Tribes); north-east corner, Bab al-Hitta/Huttah (Gate of Remission, Pardon, or Absolution); northern wall, Bab al-Atim/'Atm/Attim (Gate of Darkness); northern wall, Bab al-Ghawanima (Gate of Bani Ghanim); north-west corner, Bab al-Majlis / an-Nazir/Nadhir (Council Gate / Inspector's Gate); western wall (northern third), Bab al-Hadid (Iron Gate); western wall (central part), Bab al-Qattanin (Gate of the Cotton Merchants); western wall (central part), Bab al-Matarah/Mathara (Ablution Gate); western wall (central part), Bab as-Salam / al-Sakina (Tranquility Gate / Gate of the Dwelling), the northern one of the two; western wall (central part), Bab as-Silsileh (Gate of the Chain), the southern one of the two; western wall (central part), Bab al-Magharbeh/Maghariba (Moroccans' Gate/Gate of the Moors); western wall (southern third); the only entrance for non-Muslims. [35] The term was used throughout the Second Temple period, however, the term Mount Zion which today refers to the eastern hill of ancient Jerusalem was more frequently used. The third most important Islamic shrine in the world, Al Aqsa Mosque has prayer capacity for 5,000, covers 42,000 square yards, and is by far the largest mosque in Jerusalem. The visit was seen as a provocative gesture by many Palestinians, who gathered around the site. The golden domed mosque is called the Dome of the Rock because it was built on top of the Foundation Stone which according to Jewish tradition is the holiest place in the world. In the eastern wall is the Golden Gate, through which legend states the Jewish Messiah would enter Jerusalem. [227][232] According to Palestinian historian Rashid Khalidi, investigative journalism has shown this allegation to be false. A northern portion of the western wall may be seen from within the Western Wall Tunnel, which was excavated through buildings adjacent to the platform. [citation needed] After the Persian invasion in 614 many churches were razed and the site was turned into a dumpyard. These two structures remain intact today. The Mamluks also raised the level of Jerusalem's Central or Tyropoean Valley bordering the Temple Mount from the west by constructing huge substructures, on which they then built on a large scale. Early Islam regarded the Foundation Stone as the location of Solomon's Temple, and the first architectural initiatives on the Temple Mount sought to glorify Jerusalem by presenting Islam as a continuation of Judaism and Christianity. During the mandate period, Jewish leaders celebrated ancient religious practices at the Western Wall. [76], The Temple Mount forms the northern portion of a very narrow spur of hill that slopes sharply downward from north to south. [110], The Genesis Rabba, which was probably written between 300 and 500 CE, states that this site is one of three about which the nations of the world cannot taunt Israel and say "you have stolen them," since it was purchased "for its full price" by David.[111]. [31][32] During a 2016 dispute over the name of the site, UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova stated: "Different peoples worship the same places, sometimes under different names. The official reason is that it was built to commemorate Mohammed flying on a winged horse named Buraq from Mecca to Al Aqsa Mosque , which is also on the Temple Mount, and from there to heaven for a visit. ), "The Farthest Mosque must refer to the site of the. The Salah Eddin minbar was also restored. An Islamic Waqf has managed the Temple Mount continuously since the Muslim reconquest of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1187. [156] Al-Bukhari and Al-Tabari, for example, are believed to have rejected the identification with Jerusalem. [279][280] The boundaries of the areas which are completely forbidden, while having large portions in common, are delineated differently by various rabbinic authorities. [218][219] The Crusaders therefore referred to al-Aqsa Mosque as Solomon's Temple, and it was from this location that the new Order took the name of "Poor Knights of Christ and the Temple of Solomon", or "Templar" knights. Glory be to the One Who took His servant Muammad by night from the Sacred Mosque to the Farthest Mosque whose surroundings We have blessed, so that We may show him some of Our signs. [196] The Trumpeting Place inscription, a monumental Hebrew inscription which was thrown down by Roman legionnaires, was found in one of these stone piles. Cistern 11 (located east of cistern 9) a set of vaulted rooms forming a plan shaped like the letter E. Probably the largest cistern, it has the potential to house over 700,000 gallons of water. But conflict, controversy and tension continue to boil to this day. [134] Umayyad Caliphs commissioned the construction of al-Aqsa Mosque on the site, including the shrine known as the "Dome of the Rock". More such stones are supposed to survive underground. The platform can be reached via Gate of the Chain Street a street in the Muslim Quarter at the level of the platform, actually sitting on a monumental bridge;[80][bettersourceneeded] the bridge is no longer externally visible due to the change in ground level, but it can be seen from beneath via the Western Wall Tunnel. [221], Neither Israeli Arabs nor Israeli Jews could visit their holy places in the Jordanian territories during this period.[223][224]. A Muslim custom is to build a mosque on the spot that their defeated foe held sacred. Arab-Israeli MPs were ejected for disrupting the hearing, after shouting at the chairman, calling her a "pyromaniac". In 638 C.E. So, they built the Al- Aqsa mosque in 705 AD over the site of the first and second Jewish temples and the Dome of the Rock over the site where Muhammad allegedly ascended to heaven- both of which still stand today. [129], During the Byzantine era, Jerusalem was primarily Christian and pilgrims came by the tens of thousands to experience the places where Jesus walked. In: A.G. Vaughn and A.E. Due to its extreme sanctity, many Jews will not walk on the Mount itself, to avoid unintentionally entering the area where the Holy of Holies stood, since, according to rabbinical law, there is still some aspect of the divine presence at the site. [220] The question then becomes whether the site can be ascertained accurately. The original mosque was most likely made of wood with a metal covered dome, and it was almost a thousand years later that the gold covered dome and beautiful ceramic tiles were added by Suleiman the Magnificent. ), Davidson, Linda Kay and David Martin Gitlitz, Andreas J. Kstenberger, 'The Destruction of the Second Temple and the Composition of the Fourth Gospel ,' in John Lierman (ed. [274], Rabbinical consensus in the post-1967 period, held that it is forbidden for Jews to enter any part of the Temple Mount,[275] and in January 2005 a declaration was signed confirming the 1967 decision.[276]. Al-Aqsa Mosque is the world's third-holiest site for Muslims. ", Yehia Hassan Wazeri THE FARTHEST MOSQUE OR THE ALLEGED TEMPLE AN ANALYTIC STUDY, Journal of Islamic Architecture Volume 2 Issue 3 June 2013, The blessed Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa, which is mentioned in the Ever Glorious Qur'an (in Sura Al-Isra'), is the blessed spot that is now called Al-Haram Al-Qudsi and is surrounded by the great wall along with the buildings and monuments that have been built on it, on top of which is Al-Masjid Al-Qibli (covered Masjid) and the Dome of the Rock., Omran M. Hassan, A Graphical Vision of Aesthetics of Al-Quds Architecture through the Digital Technology, International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. "[27][28][29] The site remains a major focal point of the ArabIsraeli conflict. Although freedom of access was enshrined in the law, as a security measure, the Israeli government currently enforces a ban on non-Muslim prayer on the site. [251][252] In October 2021, a Jewish man, Aryeh Lippo, who was banned by Israeli police from the Temple Mount for fifteen days after being caught quietly praying, had his ban overturned by an Israeli court on the grounds that his behavior had not violated police instructions. This was probably by Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem at the Council of Nablus in January 1120. The Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 and the Dome of the Rock was given to the Augustinians, who turned it into a church, and al-Aqsa Mosque became the royal palace of Baldwin I of Jerusalem in 1104. [97] According to the Talmud, the Foundation Stone is the spot from where the world was created and expanded into its current form. 'for generations and generations'], against entering the entire area of the Temple Mount and have indeed avoided doing so. [74][75] In recent years, the term is also used by the UN and its subsidiary organs. [8] The al-Aqsa mosque was built at the southern end of the . History of Temple Mount Located on the summit of the Citadel of Cairo, the mosque was built by Muhammad Ali Pasha, the founder of modern Egypt, in the early 19th . That he heard Allah's Messenger saying, "When the people of Quraish did not believe me (i.e. Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study, by MH Burgoyne and DS Richards, pages 104-107 (North Portico) and West Portico 192-194, Temple Mount destruction stirred archaeologist to action, February 8, 2005 | by Michael McCormack, Baptist Press, Last edited on 19 February 2023, at 04:55, attempt to deny Jewish connection with the Temple Mount, Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem's Sacred Esplanade, Jerusalem during the late Second Temple period, Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple, an Australian set fire to the Jami'a al-Aqsa, Committee to Prevent the Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount, Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount, Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites, "New Jerusalem Finds Point to the Temple Mount", "Jerusalem holy site clashes fuel fears of return to war", "Narratives of Jerusalem and its Sacred Compound", Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs, "The Location of the Holy House of Herod's Temple: Evidence from the Pre-Destruction Period", "The Meaning of the Inscribed Stones at the Corners of the Herodian Temple Mount", "Post-1967 Struggle over Al-Haram Al-Sharif/Temple Mount", Should Jews Be Allowed to Pray on the Temple Mount? Between 1922 and 1924, the Dome of the Rock was restored by the Islamic Higher Council. [271], A few hours after the Temple Mount came under Israeli control during the Six-Day War, a message from the Chief Rabbis of Israel, Isser Yehuda Unterman and Yitzhak Nissim was broadcast, warning that Jews were not permitted to enter the site. The plaza includes the location regarded as where the Islamic prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven,[21] and served as the first "qibla", the direction Muslims turn towards when praying. The Arabs conquered the city from the Byzantine Empire which had retaken it in 629. Friedman [124][127], Emperor Constantine I promoted the Christianization of Roman society, giving it precedence over pagan cults. [221] The Temple Mount remains, under the terms of the 1994 IsraelJordan peace treaty, under Jordanian custodianship. [44], The governmental organization which administers the site, the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf (part of the Jordanian government), have stated that the name "The Temple Mount" is a "strange and alien name" and a "newly-created Judaization term". Organizations that encourage Jews to immigrate to the Temple Mount replaced the Chief Rabbinate's sign prohibiting prayer in the compound, and stuck an identical sticker on it with reversed procedures. Some Jews, led by Shlomo Goren, then the military chief rabbi, had objected as well, claiming the decision handed over the complex to the Muslims, since the Western Wall's holiness is derived from the Mount and symbolizes exile, while praying on the Mount symbolizes freedom and the return of the Jewish people to their homeland. [298] Israeli archaeological digs at the southwestern corner of Temple Mount discovered traces of four Muslim palaces built under the Umayyad Caliphate, though the remains have not been well preserved but instead had a museum built upon them. Dome of the Rock (Courtesy: Getty Images) Al-Aqsa ("The Farthest") Mosque This is the smaller, lead-covered dome located south of the Dome of the Rock, believed to have been completed in the eighth century. Altogether, there are six major sealed gates and a postern, listed here counterclockwise, dating from either the Roman/Herodian, Byzantine, or Early Muslim periods: There are currently eleven open gates offering access to the Muslim Haram al-Sharif. [31] Almost immediately after the Muslim conquest of Jerusalem in 638 CE, Caliph 'Omar ibn al Khatab, reportedly disgusted by the filth covering the site, had it thoroughly cleaned,[135] and granted Jews access to the site. The first minaret was constructed on the southwest corner of the Temple Mount in 1278. [23][24][25], Since the Crusades launched by the Latin Church (11th13th century), the Muslim community of Jerusalem has managed the site through the Jerusalem Islamic Waqf. "[204] Julian saw the Jewish God as a fitting member of the pantheon of gods he believed in, and he was also a strong opponent of Christianity. "Furthest Mosque"), corresponding to the Islamic belief of Muhammad's miraculous nocturnal journey as recounted in the Quran and hadith. The Temple Mount is holy to both Muslims and Jews, and to Christians as well. What's the story behind Jerusalem's Golden Dome? [36][176] Some scholars believe that, in accordance with biblical accounts, the royal and religious compound on the Temple Mount was built by Solomon during the 10th century BCE as a separate entity, which was later incorporated into the city. According to Islam, Mohammed flew from Mecca to Jerusalem on a winged horse which landed atop the Western Wall. [49] The name later migrated for a last time, this time to Jerusalem's Western Hill. [242], Jews were not allowed to visit for approximately one thousand years. [157][164][165], Later medieval scripts, as well as modern-day political tracts, tend to classify al-Aqsa Mosque as the third holiest site in Islam. plan to widen Jewish access to Temple Mount angers Palestinians", "Israel issues tender for new settlement units", "How to visit Temple Mount as a tourist: Old City, Jerusalem, Israel,", "Israel MPs mull Jewish prayer at al-Aqsa site", Leading rabbis rule Temple Mount is off-limits to Jews, Thoughts on the 28th of Iyar - Yom Yerushalayim, "The Politics of Prayer at the Temple Mount", The political role of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate in the Temple Mount question, "Chief Rabbis reimpose ban on Jews visiting Temple Mount", 'Orthodox Jewish newspaper asks Arabs to avoid killing Haredi Jews,', "Wilson's map of the features under the Temple Mount", "Researcher says found location of the Holy Temple", "Photograph of the inside of the Golden Gate", "Jerusalem's Temple Mount Flap - Archaeology Magazine Archive", "Waqf Temple Mount excavation raises archaeologists' protests", Maze of tunnels reveals remains of ancient Jerusalem: Controversial excavations under the Holy City uncover layers of history and stoke long-standing tensions, "Violent clashes at key Jerusalem mosque on 'day of anger', "Temple Mount destruction stirred archaeologist to action - Baptist Press", "Muslim cleanup project 'illegally disturbed, removed' ancient soil on Temple Mt", "Palestinians mark Ramadan by destroying Temple Mount antiquities", "Temple Mount Sifting Project reboots, aims to salvage ancient temple artifacts", "Opus Sectile Floors on Jerusalem's Herodian Temple Mount", "Jerusalem, The Temple Mount Sifting Project", "Satellite News and latest stories | The Jerusalem Post", "On-the-Spot Report from the Kotel Womens Section Construction", "Jerusalem Arabs Riot, Kassams Fired, After Old City Excavations", "Silence in the Face of Continued Temple Mount Destruction", "BBC NEWS - Middle East - Warning over Jerusalem holy site", "Jerusalem wall collapse sparks Jewish-Muslim row", "Rightist MK Ariel visits Temple Mount as thousands throng Wall", Rabbis split on Temple Mount synagogue plan, "Rabbis visiting Temple Mount 'hope for an awakening', "Rabbi Shapira forbids visiting temple Mount", Israel Police battle Arab rioters on Temple Mount; PA official arrested, "Half the Public Wants to See Holy Temple Rebuilt", "Israeli lawmaker visits flashpoint religious site", "Temple Mount terrorists named, identified as 3 Israeli Arabs from Umm al-Fahm", "Israeli police killed in attack near Jerusalem holy site", "Muslim authority protests Temple Mount security measures, blocks entrance", "Tor Wennesland Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, Briefing to the Security Council on the Situation in the Middle East, 25 April 2022 - occupied Palestinian territory", "Jerusalem clashes destabilising for Israel and Palestine", "Israeli Government Crisis Deepens After Closing of Major Mosque", "Gantz ends West Bank closure amid Temple Mount violence", "Clashes Erupt at Jerusalem Holy Site on Day With Overlapping Holidays", "Clashes erupt at Jerusalem's al-Aqsa mosque, at least 152 injured", "The Temple Mount in Jewish and Early Christian Traditions: A New Look", New Evidence of the Royal Stoa and Roman Flames, Virtual Walking Tour of Al-Haram Al-Sharif ("The Noble Sanctuary"), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temple_Mount&oldid=1140246677. 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