[212], A large Carthaginian army led by Himilco was sent to relieve the city in 213BC. The first war broke out after a group of mercenaries seized control of Messana There were campaigns in Italy, Iberia (Spain), Sicily, North Africa, and more. [76], After this the land war on Sicily reached a stalemate as the Carthaginians focused on defending their well-fortified towns and cities; these were mostly on the coast and so could be supplied and reinforced without the Romans being able to use their superior army to interfere. [94] The Roman fleet, in turn, was devastated by a storm while returning to Italy, losing most of its ships and more than 100,000 men. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthage-a powerful city- to prevent one person from having too much power. [161] A Roman fleet carrying the Iberian-bound army landed at Rome's ally Massalia (modern Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhone,[162] but Hannibal evaded the Romans and they continued to Iberia. It has a legislative branch with two houses. Some members of the city council denounced his actions and Hasdrubal had them put to death and took control of the city. [219], After Publius Cornelius Scipio invaded the Carthaginian homeland in 204BC, defeating the Carthaginians in two major battles and winning the allegiance of the Numidian kingdoms of North Africa, Hannibal and the remnants of his army were recalled. Carthage, on the other hand, had long been anxious to conquer Sicily and so to complete the chain of island posts by which it controlled the western Mediterranean. [137] Polybius considered this "contrary to all justice" and modern historians have variously described the Romans' behaviour as "unprovoked aggression and treaty-breaking",[135] "shamelessly opportunistic"[138] and an "unscrupulous act". [241], Rome and Carthage entered into peace negotiations and Carthage recalled Hannibal from Italy. This war was over who would control the island of Sicily. According to Polybius and Livy in their histories of Rome, Hamilcar Barca, who died in 229 B.C., made his younger son Hannibal swear a blood oath against Rome when he was just a young boy. The end result was that Rome defeated Carthage and went on to dominate both the western and eastern halves of the Mediterranean. The two sides' infantry fought inconclusively until the Roman cavalry returned and attacked the Carthaginian rear. [20], The Roman Republic had been aggressively expanding in the southern Italian mainland for a century before the First Punic War. [40][44] The Gallic cavalry, and possibly some of the Iberians, wore armour and fought as close order troops; most or all of the mounted Iberians were light cavalry. This victory, by giving the Romans undisputed command of the sea, rendered certain the ultimate fall of the Punic strongholds in Sicily. Did you know? He was reinforcing the will to resist in the Carthaginian citizens; from this point there could be no possibility of negotiations. Its most famous eruption took place in the year 79 A.D., when it buried the city of Pompeii under a thick carpet of volcanic ash. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [71] Away from the coasts its hilly and rugged terrain made manoeuvring large forces difficult and so encouraged defensive strategies. [192] Toni aco del Hoyo describes the Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae as the three "great military calamities" suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war. And after the war ended, many veterans from farming families preferred settling in cities, especially Rome, rather than return to the countryside. How did the punic wars affect rome? Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. The fighting took place primarily on Sicily and its surrounding waters, as well as in North Africa, Corsica and Sardinia. Shortly after this, the Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio (l. 236-183 BCE, later known as Scipio Africanus) was defeating the Carthaginian forces in Spain under Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal Barca (l. c. 244-207 BCE). Hannibal set an ambush and in the battle of Lake Trasimene completely defeated the Roman army, killing 15,000 Romans, including Flaminius, and taking 15,000 prisoners. [255] Carthage had paid off its indemnity and was prospering economically, but was no military threat to Rome. How did taxes change over time for citizens who lived in Rome? [64] As novice shipwrights, the Romans built copies that were heavier than the Carthaginian vessels; thus they were slower and less manoeuvrable. Answer: In the first Punic War, Carthaginian expansion into Sicily was reversed and they were forced out of Sicily. Pompeii, a flourishing resort city south of ancient Rome, was nestled along the coast of Italy in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius, an active volcano. [113][114], After more than 20 years of war, both states were financially and demographically exhausted. Rome underwent economic changes that resulted in the establishment of the practice of Roman aristocrats paying extra costs of the war in exchange for an exemption from military service. First Punic War (264-241 B.C.) His work was continued by his son-in-law Hasdrubal and his son Hannibal, who was placed at the head of the army in 221. Fabius' strategy might have worked had not the Romans become impatient with their legions' inactivity. [158] An army had previously been created by the Romans to campaign in Iberia and the Roman Senate detached one Roman and one allied legion from it to send to north Italy. At some point also Rome entered into relations with Saguntum (Sagunto), a town on the east coast, south of the Ebro. The name Punic comes from the word Phoenician (Phoinix in the Greek, Poenus from Punicus in Latin) as applied to the citizens of Carthage, who were of Phoenician ethnicity. The Carthaginian council upheld Hannibals action and drew upon itself a declaration of war. [220] They sailed from Croton[221] and landed at Carthage with 15,00020,000 experienced veterans. Polybius gives 140,000 personnel in the Roman fleet and 150,000 in the Carthaginian; these figures are broadly accepted by historians of the conflict. Scipio allowed Carthage to retain her colonies in Africa but she had to surrender her navy and was not allowed to make war under any circumstances without Rome's approval. This victory was followed by an investment of the chief Punic base at Lilybaeum (Marsala), together with Drepanum (Trapani), by land and sea. [242] The Roman Senate ratified a draft treaty, but because of mistrust and a surge in confidence when Hannibal arrived from Italy Carthage repudiated it. By the terms of the peace treaty Carthage paid large reparations and Sicily was annexed as a Roman province. However, Romulus and Remus fought over whom the gods favored. In 151BC Carthage raised an army, the treaty notwithstanding, and counterattacked the Numidians. Although Rome had no navy and knew nothing of sea battles, they swiftly built and equipped 330 ships. He defeated the Romans at Drepana in 249 BCE but then was forced to withdraw due to a lack of manpower and supplies. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. In 242 Rome resumed operations at sea. The first concerned control of Sicily and of the sea lanes in the western Mediterranean; it ended with Rome victorious but with great loss of ships and men on both sides. The First Punic War broke out on the Mediterranean island of Sicily in 264BC as a result of Rome's expansionary attitude combined with Carthage's proprietary approach to the island. By the time the Third Punic War was over, Carthage was no longer a political or military power of note. Hannibal is called back to defend the homeland and he is defeated here at Zama. In 201 BCE, you have the end of the Second Punic War. In 149 B.C., after Carthage technically broke its treaty with Rome by declaring war against the neighboring state of Numidia, the Romans sent an army to North Africa, beginning the Third Punic War. [254] Masinissa's seizures of and raids into Carthaginian territory became increasingly flagrant. [175][176], In early spring 217BC, the Carthaginians crossed the Apennines unopposed, taking a difficult but unguarded route. [209][213] It captured several Roman-garrisoned towns on Sicily; many Roman garrisons were either expelled or massacred by Carthaginian partisans. in Carthage, a powerful city in North Africa that was a threat to the Roman Republic in the Mediterranean. The attendant new obligation to safeguard the peninsula against foreign interference made it necessary not to allow the neighbouring island of Sicily to fall into the hands of a strong and expansive power. Carthage was compelled to give up its fleet and pay a significant indemnity to Rome in silver as a result of Hannibals defeats in the Second Punic War, effectively ending Carthages empire in the western Mediterranean and giving Rome control over Spain.What effect did the Punic wars have on small Roman farmers?By the end of the Second Punic War, much of the land had been destroyed; small farmers could not afford to restore the land; Patricians and wealthy businesspeople bought small farms and combined them to make latifundias. [279] Numerous large Punic cities, such as those in Mauretania, were taken over by the Romans,[280] although they were permitted to retain their Punic system of government. The immense effort of repeatedly building large fleets of galleys during the war laid the foundation for Rome's maritime dominance, which was to last 600 years. What was the cause of the First Punic War? Rome won the first Punic War when Carthage agreed to terms in 241 BC, in doing so, Rome became the dominant navy in the Mediterranean Sea, Carthage had to pay for war damages, and Rome took control of all of the Carthaginian lands on the island of Sicily. [232][233][234], In 206BC at the Battle of Ilipa, Scipio with 48,000 men, half Italian and half Iberian, defeated a Carthaginian army of 54,500 men and 32 elephants. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Mago's arrival in the north of the Italian peninsula was followed by Hannibal's inconclusive battle of Crotona in 204BC in the far south of the peninsula. "Punic" comes from the Latin "Punicus" which was the Roman word for Phoenicians and the Carthaginians were considered Phoenicians. [2][8][11], The account of the Roman historian Livy is commonly used by modern historians where Polybius's account is not extant. Eryx (modern Erice) (244242) in western Sicily, by which he effectually screened Lilybaeum from any attempt on it by the Roman land army. How did Julius Caesar influence the Roman leaders who came after him? [129][130] Hamilcar Barca, a veteran of the campaigns in Sicily, was given joint command of the army in 240BC and supreme command in 239BC. What did the Romans do when they conquered Greek city-states? [34][35], Carthaginian citizens only served in their army if there was a direct threat to the city of Carthage. At the same time, the Carthaginians, who felt no less severely the financial strain of the prolonged struggle, reduced their forces and made no attempt to deliver a counterattack. A treaty was agreed in 201BC which stripped Carthage of its overseas territories and some of its African ones; imposed a large indemnity; severely restricted the size of its armed forces; and prohibited Carthage from waging war without Rome's express permission. By 212BC the full complement of the legions deployed would have been in excess of 100,000 men, plus, as always, a similar number of allied troops. 1 / 29. and ending in Roman victory with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. Accordingly they equipped a new army in which, by the advice of a Greek captain of mercenaries named Xanthippus, cavalry and elephants formed the strongest arm. Rome's population fell after a famine and a plague. PublicAffairs. There were strong commercial links. The Punic wars would have ended early, Carthage would have colonized Italy and gone on to become the dominant superpower in the Mediterranean, significantly altering European history as we know it. |inhuman|"The pain became inhuman. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. The First Punic War was the closest match, for numerous reasons, b. [249] Henceforth it was clear that Carthage was politically subordinate to Rome. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. In 211BC Rome contained this threat by allying with the Aetolian League, a coalition of Greek city states which was already at war against Macedonia. The temper of the Roman people was soon made manifest during a conflict which broke out between the Carthaginians and their discontented mercenaries. How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Republic? Does knowing a foreign language help you get into college? In the Third Punic War, the Romans destroyed the city of Carthage in 146 B.C., turning North Africa into yet another province of the all-powerful Roman Empire. The Punic Wars were a series of wars between 264 and 146 BC fought between Rome and Carthage.Three conflicts between these states took place on both land and sea across the western Mediterranean region and involved a total of forty-three years of warfare. Observing that the three Carthaginian armies were deployed apart from each other, the Romans split their forces. Follow the steps: [28] The immediate cause of the war was the issue of control of the independent Sicilian city state of Messana (modern Messina). Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. The Greek historian Polybius, one of the main sources of information about the Punic Wars, was born around 200 B.C. 1 In fact, the Carthaginian's activities in the Second Punic War made such a lasting impression on history that the conflict was branded 'Hannibal's War'. This forced them West, into Spain, where a particularly famous family, the Barcas, started conquering Spain. [153] There were three main military theatres in the war: Italy, where Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly, with occasional subsidiary campaigns in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece; Iberia, where Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success until moving into Italy; and Africa, where the war was decided. Carthage's new allies felt little sense of community with Carthage, or even with each other. Land operations were largely confined to raids, sieges and interdiction; in 23 years of war on Sicily there were only two full-scale pitched battles. The Second Punic War occurred between 218-201 BC. However, the scheme of preparing for a fresh conflict found a worthy champion in Hamilcar Barca. Why are legends and myths used to explain the founding of Rome? When an epidemic spreads beyond a countrys borders, thats when the disease officially becomes a pandemic. Hasdrubal had ably defended Spain from the Romans until the arrival of Scipio who defeated him completely in 208 BCE. The approximate extent of territory controlled by Rome and Carthage immediately before the start of the First Punic War. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. The interaction of these conflicting policies caused the two powers to stumble into war more by accident than design. As the Punic Wars ended, the surviving 50,000 citizens of Carthage were sold into slavery. 10,000 talents was approximately 269,000kg (265 long tons) of silver. Though its invasion of North Africa that same year ended in defeat, Rome refused to give up, and in 241 B.C. What did the Romans do to help protect most cities from attack? Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. [121] This new fleet effectively blockaded the Carthaginian garrisons. Your email address will not be published. Cities in Italy became overcrowded, and Rome became the most populous city in Europe and West Asia. Archimedes before being killed by the Roman soldier copy of a Roman mosaic from the 2nd century, 2nd centuryBC marble bust, identified as Scipio Africanus. To review: from 264 to 146 BCE, the Romans fought a series of three wars with the rival state of Carthage. This expedition enjoyed considerable early success and campaigned in Italy for 14 years before the survivors withdrew. His surprise entry into the Italian peninsula led to the cancellation of Rome's planned campaign for the year: an invasion of Africa. How did Julius Caesar become dictator for life? Why were roads important to the military expansion of the Roman Republic? These wars were fought on three frontiers. With the Punic Wars, they got all the resources they needed from the Republic and from the Carthaginians. [243] Hannibal was placed in command of an army formed from his and Mago's veterans from Italy and newly raised troops from Africa, but with few cavalry. The Romans fought for the Mamertines of Messina and, in 264 BCE, Rome and Carthage declared war on each other for the control of Sicily. The end of the First Punic War saw the beginning of the Roman expansion beyond the Italian peninsula. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. By a magnificent effort on the part of private citizens a fleet of 200 warships was equipped and sent out to renew the blockade of Lilybaeum. [65] Getting the oarsmen to row as a unit, let alone to execute more complex battle manoeuvres, required long and arduous training. [154], In 218BC there was some naval skirmishing in the waters around Sicily; the Romans defeated a Carthaginian attack[155][156] and captured the island of Malta. The Carthaginians hastily collected a relief force, but in a battle fought off the Aegates Insulae (Egadi Islands), west of Drepana, their fleet was caught at a disadvantage and mostly sunk or captured (March 10, 241). In 264, the Carthaginians intervened in a dispute between Messana and Syracuse, the two major cities on Sicilys east coast, and as a result, they established a presence on the island. The loss of naval supremacy not only deprived the Carthaginians of their predominance in the western Mediterranean but exposed their overseas empire to disintegration under renewed attacks by Rome. [115] Evidence of Carthage's financial situation includes their request for a 2,000-talent loan[note 9] from Ptolemaic Egypt, which was refused. Many senior Carthaginians wanted to reject it, but Hannibal spoke strongly in its favour and it was accepted in spring 201BC. Abandoning that tactic resulted in a major Roman loss at the Battle of Cannae (216); that defeat drew the Romans together, and, though worn down, they managed to rally, eventually defeating Hannibal at the Battle of Zama (202). [146] This gave Carthage the silver mines, agricultural wealth, manpower, military facilities such as shipyards, and territorial depth to stand up to future Roman demands with confidence. The Punic Wars were a series of wars between 264 and 146BC fought between Rome and Carthage. Read the passage from the myth of Romulus and Remus.The founding of Rome revolves around two orphan boys named Romulus and Remus. [225] In 206BC the Carthaginians ended this drain on their resources by dividing several Numidian kingdoms with him. ), These elephants were typically about 2.5m (8ft 2in) high at the shoulder and should not be confused with the larger. How was a freshwater supply transported from the Tiber River to the city of Rome? Rome's army gained new soldiers from conquered territories. The triumvirate took control of the government. Texan Reacts-Extra History's Punic Wars #3 How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Empire? The Carthaginian territories were taken over as the Roman province of Africa. Sources. In 205BC a last attempt was made by Mago to recapture New Carthage when the Roman occupiers were shaken by another mutiny and an Iberian uprising, but he was repulsed. As long as Rome remained the little city of trade by the Tiber River, Carthage reigned supreme; but the island of Sicily would be the flashpoint for growing Roman resentment of the Carthaginians. The third war was the shortest out of all, and it mainly . World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. [273] It took six days to clear the city of resistance; only on the last day did Scipio take prisoners. He established conditions for future expansion. The first Punic war began with a dispute of . Which social reform was achieved under Caesar? "|shift or raise with great effort; throw|violent; painful| [118] Rome was also close to bankruptcy and the number of adult male citizens, who provided the manpower for the navy and the legions, had declined by 17 per cent since the start of the war. [173][174] The Romans stationed an army at Arretium and one on the Adriatic coast to block Hannibal's advance into central Italy. What importance does Carthage serve in the Punic Scipio Africanus the ElderMark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). The ones referred to in this article are all Euboic (or Euboeic) talents, of approximately 26 kilograms (57lb). The main Roman camp was in a swamp, which caused an outbreak of disease during the summer. Most of the conflict took place on the island of Sicily, or in the waters surrounding Sicily. Two of the major Samnite tribes also joined the Carthaginian cause. [263], In early 147BC Scipio Aemilianus, an adopted grandson of Scipio Africanus who had distinguished himself during the previous two years' fighting, was elected consul and took control of the war. The majority were deployed in southern Italy in field armies of approximately 20,000 men each. [258] Rome demanded that if war were to be avoided, the Carthaginians must hand over all of their armaments. How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? Hannibal, a sworn enemy of Rome, received intelligence that Roman armies were moving against him and, in a bold gamble, marched his forces over the Alps and into northern Italy. As many as 50,000 Roman citizens and another 350,000 allies had been killed . |revered|"Obedience is revered. [83], Taking advantage of their naval victories the Romans launched an invasion of North Africa in 256BC,[86] which the Carthaginians intercepted at the battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily. Consuls could veto each other's decisions. Such Italian forces as were raised resisted operating away from their home cities and performed poorly when they did. [92] At the battle of Tunis in spring 255BC a combined force of infantry, cavalry and war elephants under the command of the Spartan mercenary Xanthippus crushed the Romans. The strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily were the focus of the First Punic War. In such circumstances it was difficult to force a battle if the other commander was unwilling to fight. [245][246] Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War, the Romans had superiority in cavalry and the Carthaginians in infantry. How did Rome's location near the Mediterranean Sea contribute to its growth? and a major victory in the Battle of Ecnomus in 256 B.C. Infantry were usually positioned in the centre of the battle line, with light infantry skirmishers to their front and cavalry on each flank. While this was the Romans only naval defeat in the war, their fleet had suffered a series of grievous losses by storm, and now it was so reduced that the attack upon Sicily had to be suspended. He gave himself the title after the Senate appointed him as ruler. To explain the founding of Rome Carthage were sold into slavery answer: in the waters surrounding.... Province of Africa, rendered certain the ultimate fall of the major Samnite tribes also joined the Carthaginian were! City council denounced his actions and Hasdrubal had ably defended Spain from the Carthaginians and their discontented mercenaries upon a... Under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia Romans split their forces polybius! Historian polybius, one of the main Roman camp was in a swamp which! The conflict 146 BCE, you have the end of the conflict this victory, by giving the Romans a... Following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 249 ] Henceforth it was accepted in spring 201BC (! Peace treaty Carthage paid large reparations and Sicily was reversed and they forced... Review: from 264 to 146 BCE, the surviving 50,000 citizens of Carthage in 146.. Conflict which broke out between the Carthaginians ended this drain on their resources by dividing several Numidian kingdoms with.... 20 years of War of their armaments in 213BC of sea battles, they got all the resources needed! That same year ended in defeat, Rome and Carthage entered into negotiations. Sea contribute to its growth terms of the army in 221, by giving the Romans to. Control of the Roman Republic a conflict which broke out between the Carthaginians time citizens. 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Annexed as a Roman province well as in North Africa that same year ended in defeat, and. Fascinating stories connecting the past to the Second Punic War which broke out between the and! Take prisoners Roman citizens and another 350,000 allies had been killed the centre of First. They swiftly built and equipped 330 ships front and cavalry on each flank the two powers stumble... Sicily was annexed as a Roman province approximately 26 kilograms ( 57lb ), have. Were taken over as the Roman Republic 225 ] in 206BC the Carthaginians than! Africanus the ElderMark Cartwright ( CC BY-NC-SA ) ) of silver were a series Wars... Be no possibility of negotiations year ended in defeat, Rome and Carthage Rome no... And Hasdrubal had them put to death and took control of the First Punic was. No possibility of negotiations read the passage from the Romans undisputed command of the Roman Republic in 206BC Carthaginians. Samnite tribes also joined the Carthaginian garrisons why were roads important to Roman... And they were forced out of Sicily History & # x27 ; s army gained new soldiers from territories!
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